Which of the following are types of expenses found on an income statement?

The correct answer is based on the understanding of the components typically found on an income statement. An income statement primarily focuses on revenues and expenses incurred during a specific period, measuring a company's profitability.

Cost of goods sold refers to the direct costs attributable to the production of the goods sold by a company. It is a crucial expense line item because it directly affects gross profit. Income taxes represent the taxes paid on the income generated by the business, which is another essential aspect of determining net income.

Other options include components that do not fit the income statement criteria. Employee salaries, while considered as operating expenses, are separate from dividends, which are distributions of profit and not expenses. Marketing expenses do belong on an income statement, but capital expenditures refer to long-term investments in physical assets and appear on the balance sheet instead. Research grants and charitable donations can be operational expenses but are typically recorded in a way that does not affect the core financial performance measured on the income statement, thus they're less commonly emphasized compared to the key components identified in the correct choice.

This understanding of how expenses align within the structure of financial statements helps clarify why cost of goods sold and income taxes are appropriate entries on the income statement.